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They are in the suborder Auchenorrhyncha , [a] along with smaller jumping bugs such as leafhoppers and froghoppers. The superfamily is divided into two families, the Tettigarctidae , with two species in Australia, and the Cicadidae , with more than 3, species described from around the world; many species remain undescribed.

Cicadas have prominent eyes set wide apart, short antennae, and membranous front wings. They have an exceptionally loud song, produced in most species by the rapid buckling and unbuckling of drumlike tymbals.

The earliest known fossil Cicadomorpha appeared in the Upper Permian period; extant species occur all around the world in temperate to tropical climates. They typically live in trees, feeding on watery sap from xylem tissue, and laying their eggs in a slit in the bark.

Most cicadas are cryptic. The vast majority of species are active during the day as adults, with some calling at dawn or dusk. Only a rare few species are known to be nocturnal. One exclusively North American genus, Magicicada the periodical cicadas , which spend most of their lives as underground nymphs, emerge in predictable intervals of 13 or 17 years, depending on the species and the location.

The unusual duration and synchronization of their emergence may reduce the number of cicadas lost to predation , both by making them a less reliably available prey so that any predator that evolved to depend on cicadas for sustenance might starve waiting for their emergence , and by emerging in such huge numbers that they will satiate any remaining predators before losing enough of their number to threaten their survival as a species.

The annual cicadas are species that emerge every year. Though these cicadas' life cycles can vary from 1—9 or more years as underground nymphs, their emergence above ground as adults is not synchronized, so some members of each species appear every year. Cicadas have been featured in literature since the time of Homer 's Iliad and as motifs in art from the Chinese Shang dynasty.

They have also been used in myth and folklore as symbols of carefree living and immortality. The cicada is also mentioned in Hesiod 's Shield ll. Cicadas are eaten by humans in various parts of the world, including China , Myanmar , Malaysia , central Africa , and Pakistani Balochistan. The name is directly from the onomatopoeic Latin cicada.

The superfamily Cicadoidea is a sister of the Cercopoidea the froghoppers. Cicadas are arranged into two families: the Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae. The two extant species of the Tettigarctidae include one in southern Australia and the other in Tasmania. The family Cicadidae is subdivided into the subfamilies Cicadettinae , Cicadinae , Derotettiginae , Tibicininae or Tettigadinae , and Tettigomyiinae [6] they are found on all continents except Antarctica.

Some previous works also included a family-level taxon called the Tibiceninae. The largest species is the Malaysian emperor cicada Megapomponia imperatoria ; its wingspan is up to about 20 cm 8 in. At least cicada species are distributed worldwide, in essentially any habitat that has deciduous trees, with the majority being in the tropics.

Most genera are restricted to a single biogeographical region, and many species have a very limited range. This high degree of endemism has been used to study the biogeography of complex island groups such as in Indonesia and Asia.

About species occur in the Palaearctic. A few species are found in southern Europe, [8] and a single species was known from England, the New Forest cicada , Cicadetta montana , which also occurs in continental Europe. Many of the North American species are the annual or jarfly or dog-day cicadas, members of the Neotibicen , Megatibicen , or Hadoa genera, so named because they emerge in late July and August. These periodical cicadas have an extremely long life cycle of 13 or 17 years, with adults suddenly and briefly emerging in large numbers.

Australian cicadas are found on tropical islands and cold coastal beaches around Tasmania, in tropical wetlands, high and low deserts, alpine areas of New South Wales and Victoria , large cities including Sydney , Melbourne , and Brisbane , and Tasmanian highlands and snowfields.

Many of them have common names such as cherry nose, brown baker, red eye , greengrocer, yellow Monday, whisky drinker, double drummer , and black prince. The Australian greengrocer, Cyclochila australasiae , is among the loudest insects in the world. More than 40 species from five genera populate New Zealand, ranging from sea level to mountain tops, and all are endemic to New Zealand and its surrounding islands Kermadec Islands , Chatham Islands.

One species is found on Norfolk Island, which technically is part of Australia. Fossil Cicadomorpha first appeared in the Late Triassic. The superfamily Palaeontinoidea contains three families. Most fossil Cicadidae are known from the Cenozoic, [21] and the oldest unambiguously identified specimen is Davispia bearcreekensis subfamily Tibicininae from 59—56 million years ago Mya. One fossil genus and species Burmacicada protera based on a first-instar nymph has recently been reported from 98—99 Mya in the Late Cretaceous, [22] although questions remain about its assignment to the Cicadidae.

Cicadas are large insects made conspicuous by the courtship calls of the males. They are characterized by having three joints in their tarsi , and having small antennae with conical bases and three to six segments, including a seta at the tip. Cicadas are feeble jumpers, and nymphs lack the ability to jump altogether. Another defining characteristic is the adaptations of the fore limbs of nymphs for underground life. The relict family Tettigarctidae differs from the Cicadidae in having the prothorax extending as far as the scutellum , and by lacking the tympanal apparatus.

The adult insect, known as an imago , is 2 to 5 cm 1 to 2 in in total length in most species. The largest, the empress cicada Megapomponia imperatoria , has a head-body length around 7 cm 2. The short antennae protrude between the eyes or in front of them. They also have three small ocelli located on the top of the head in a triangle between the two large eyes; this distinguishes cicadas from other members of the Hemiptera.

The mouthparts form a long, sharp rostrum that they insert into the plant to feed. The thorax has three segments and houses the powerful wing muscles.

They have two pairs of membranous wings that may be hyaline , cloudy, or pigmented. The wing venation varies between species and may help in identification. The middle thoracic segment has an operculum on the underside, which may extend posteriorly and obscure parts of the abdomen. The abdomen is segmented, with the hindermost segments housing the reproductive organs, and terminates in females with a large, saw-edged ovipositor. In males, the abdomen is largely hollow and used as a resonating chamber.

The surface of the fore wing is superhydrophobic ; it is covered with minute, waxy cones, blunt spikes that create a water-repellent film. Rain rolls across the surface, removing dirt in the process. In the absence of rain, dew condenses on the wings.

When the droplets coalesce, they leap several millimetres into the air, which also serves to clean the wings. Desert cicadas such as Diceroprocta apache are unusual among insects in controlling their temperature by evaporative cooling , analogous to sweating in mammals.

Such a rapid loss of water can be sustained only by feeding on water-rich xylem sap. At lower temperatures, feeding cicadas would normally need to excrete the excess water. The "singing" of male cicadas is produced principally and in the majority of species using a special structure called a tymbal , a pair of which lies below each side of the anterior abdominal region. The structure is buckled by muscular action and, being made of resilin , unbuckles rapidly on muscle relaxation, producing their characteristic sounds.

Some cicadas, however, have mechanisms for stridulation , sometimes in addition to the tymbals. Here, the wings are rubbed over a series of midthoracic ridges. In the Chinese species Subpsaltria yangi , both males and females can stridulate. The male abdomen in some species is largely hollow, and acts as a sound box. By rapidly vibrating these membranes, a cicada combines the clicks into apparently continuous notes, and enlarged chambers derived from the tracheae serve as resonance chambers with which it amplifies the sound.

The cicada also modulates the song by positioning its abdomen toward or away from the substrate. Partly by the pattern in which it combines the clicks, each species produces its own distinctive mating songs and acoustic signals, ensuring that the song attracts only appropriate mates.

Both males and females produce vibrations that are transmitted through the tree substrate. They are considered as representing the original state from which other cicada communication has evolved. During sound production, the temperature of the tymbal muscles was found to be significantly higher.

Cicadas call from varying heights on trees. Where multiple species occur, the species may use different heights and timing of calling. The adaptive significance is unclear, as the calls are not amplified or modified by the burrow structure, but this may avoid predation. Although only males produce the cicadas' distinctive sounds, both sexes have membranous structures called tympana singular — tympanum by which they detect sounds, the equivalent of having ears. Males disable their own tympana while calling, thereby preventing damage to their hearing; [42] a necessity partly because some cicadas produce sounds up to dB SPL [42] which is among the loudest of all insect-produced sounds.

In contrast, some small species have songs so high in pitch that they are inaudible to humans. For the human ear, telling precisely where a cicada song originates is often difficult.

The pitch is nearly constant, the sound is continuous to the human ear, and cicadas sing in scattered groups. In addition to the mating song, many species have a distinct distress call, usually a broken and erratic sound emitted by the insect when seized or panicked. Some species also have courtship songs, generally quieter, and produced after a female has been drawn to the calling song.

Males also produce encounter calls, whether in courtship or to maintain personal space within choruses. The songs of cicadas are considered by entomologists to be unique to a given species, and a number of resources exist to collect and analyse cicada sounds.

In some species of cicadas, the males remain in one location and call to attract females. Sometimes, several males aggregate and call in chorus. In other species, the males move from place to place, usually with quieter calls, while searching for females. The Tettigarctidae differ from other cicadas in producing vibrations in the substrate rather than audible sounds. Although they have mouthparts and are able to consume some plant liquids for nutrition, the amount eaten is very small and the insects have a natural adult lifespan of less than two months.

When the eggs hatch, the newly hatched nymphs drop to the ground and burrow. Cicadas live underground as nymphs for most of their lives at depths down to about 2.

Nymphs have strong front legs for digging and excavating chambers in close proximity to roots, where they feed on xylem sap. In the process, their bodies and interior of the burrow become coated in anal fluids. In wet habitats, larger species construct mud towers above ground to aerate their burrows. In the final nymphal instar , they construct an exit tunnel to the surface and emerge. The exuviae or abandoned exoskeletons remain, still clinging to the bark of the tree.